Bakhtin 1986 reexamines the notion of genre and has been especially influential in linguistic anthropology (as have Bakhtin 1981 and Bakhtin 1984a). Bakhtin 1984b is Bakhtin’s sustained examination of carnival and the carnivalesque. Bakhtin 1984a focuses on voice and dialogic relations between authors and character in the work of Dostoevsky. Also, some scholars have argued about the authorship of some of the work written by members of what has come to be known as the “Bakhtin Circle.” Bakhtin 1981 explores the notions of dialogicality, heteroglossia, and chronotope, and has been particularly important in anthropology. Part of what makes the relationship between Bakhtin’s biography and the works for which he is known so complicated is that his work was not published in the sequence in which it was written. Many of the terms used by Bakhtin-carnivalesque, chronotope, dialogism, voice, monologism, genre, and addressivity-have entered the lexicon of fields in the arts, humanities, and social sciences. It was not until after Bakhtin’s death that the importance of his work was realized and he gained international renown. Bakhtin moved back to Moscow in the late 1960s for medical treatment. Bakhtin was hired by the Mordovian Pedagogical Institute in Saransk, where he became Head of Russian and World Literature. Bakhtin was eventually denied a doctorate of sciences for his dissertation work on Rabelais. He taught for some years in Saransk before moving to Moscow. He and his wife were sent instead to Kazakhstan. He was arrested in 1928, but intervention by associates saved him from being sent to a labor camp. The group of scholars with which Bakhtin was associated began to meet in 1918 in Nevel, and then in Vitebsk on Bakhtin’s move there in 1920. Bakhtin’s early published work emerged during the years of Stalinist censorship and repression, and many of those scholars in conversation with him did not survive. He was raised and educated in Oryol, Vilnius, and then Odessa. 1975) was a literary theorist whose work remained obscure until the last decade of his life.
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